Mammuthus primigenius (Woolly Mammoth)

[Carlos]

THE NORTH OF EASTERN SIBERIA: REFUGE OF THE MAMMOTH FAUNA IN THE HOLOCENE (L)

Gennady BOESKOROV

The Mammoth Museum of the Institute of Applied Ecology of the Academy of Sciences of The Sakha Republic (Yakutia), 35 Lenin Av., Yakutsk, 677007

The global climate changes at the end of the Pleistocene led to extinction in the huge area of Northern Eurasia of the typical representatives of the Mammoth fauna: mammoth, woolly rhinoceros, wild horse, bison, muskox, cave lion, etc. Undoubtedly the Mammoth fauna underwent strong pressure from Upper Paleolithic Man, whose hunting activity could have played the main role in decreasing the numbers of mammoths and other representatives of the megafauna. Archaeological data testify that the typical representatives of the Mammoth fauna were hunted only until the end of the Pleistocene. Their bone remains are usually not found in the settlements of Mesolithic Man. Formerly it was supposed that the megafauna of the "Mammoth complex" was extinct by the beginning of the Holocene. Nevertheless the latest data testify that the global extinction of the Mammoth fauna took place in Northern Eurasia between the Pleistocene and the Holocene and was significantly delayed in the northern part of Eastern Siberia. In the 1990s radiocarbon dates proved that mammoths existed for most of the Holocene on Wrangel Island - from 8000 till 3700 years BP. New radiocarbon data show that wild horses inhabited the northern part of Eastern Siberia (the lower stream of Enissey river, the Novosibirskie Islands, and East Siberian seacoast) 3000 - 2000 years BP. Muskoxen lived on the Taimyr Peninsula and the Lena River delta about 3000 years BP. Some bison remains from Eastern Siberia are Holocene in age. The following circumstances could promote the survival of representatives of the Mammoth fauna. The cool and dry climate of this region promoted the maintenance of steppe associations - habitats of those mammals. Late Paleolithic and Mesolithic settlements are not found in the Arctic zone of Eastern Siberia from the Taimyr Peninsula to the lower stream of the Yana River; they are very rare in the basins of the Indigirka and Kolyma rivers. So the small number of Stone Age hunting tribes in Northeastern Siberia was another factor in long-term survival of some representatives of the Mammoth fauna.

www.yukonmuseums.ca/mammoth/abstra-d.htm

[another specialist]

another interesting pdf file here

New data on the “Mammoth” fauna
of the Laptev Shelf Land (East Siberian Arctic)

www.cq.rm.cnr.it/elephants2001/pdf/289_292.pdf

[Carlos]

Very interesting, Frank, specially the last pdf.

[another specialist]

My pleasure Carlos will continue to find new bits to add to this thread

[Melanie]

Baby mammoth discovery unveiled
By Paul Rincon
Science reporter, BBC News



The mammoth's trunk and eyes are still intact

Enlarge Image

A baby mammoth unearthed in the permafrost of north-west Siberia could be the best preserved specimen of its type, scientists have said.

The frozen carcass is to be sent to Japan for detailed study.

The six-month-old female calf was discovered on the Yamal peninsula of Russia and is thought to have died 10,000 years ago.

The animal's trunk and eyes are still intact and some of its fur remains on the body.
In terms of its state of preservation, this is the world's most valuable discovery
Alexei Tikhonov, Russian Academy of Sciences

Mammoths are an extinct member of the elephant family. Adults often possessed long, curved tusks and a coat of long hair.

The 130cm (4ft 3ins) tall, 50kg Siberian specimen dates to the end of the last Ice Age, when the great beasts were vanishing from the planet.

It was discovered by a reindeer herder in May this year. Yuri Khudi stumbled across the carcass near the Yuribei River, in Russia's Yamal-Nenets autonomous district.

Missing tail

Last week, an international delegation of experts convened in the town of Salekhard, near the discovery site, to carry out a preliminary examination of the animal.

"The mammoth has no defects except that its tail was bit off," said Alexei Tikhonov, vice director of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences and a member of the delegation.


"In terms of its state of preservation, this is the world's most valuable discovery," he said.

Larry Agenbroad, director of the Mammoth Site of Hot Springs research centre in South Dakota, US, said: "To find a juvenile mammoth in any condition is extremely rare." Dr Agenbroad added that he knew of only three other examples.

Some scientists hold out hope that well preserved sperm or other cells containing viable DNA could be used to resurrect the mammoth.

Despite the inherent difficulties, Dr Agenbroad remains optimistic about the potential for cloning.

"When we got the Jarkov mammoth [found frozen in Taimyr, Siberia, in 1997], the geneticists told me: 'if you can get us good DNA, we'll have a baby mammoth for you in 22 months'," he told BBC News.

Lucrative trade

That specimen failed to yield DNA of sufficient quality, but some researchers believe it may only be a matter of time until the right find emerges from Siberia.

Bringing mammoths back from the dead could take the form of injecting sperm into the egg of a relative, such as the Asian elephant, to try to create a hybrid.

Alternatively, scientists could attempt to clone a pure mammoth by fusing the nucleus of a mammoth cell with an elephant egg cell stripped of its DNA.

But Dr Agenbroad warned that scientifically valuable Siberian mammoth specimens were being lost to a lucrative trade in ivory, skin, hair and other body parts.

The city of Yakutsk in Russia's far east forms the hub for this trade.

Local people are scouring the Siberian permafrost for remains to sell on, and, according to Dr Agenbroad, more carcasses could be falling into the hands of dealers than are finding their way to scientists.

Japan transfer

"These products are primarily for collectors and it is usually illicit," he explained.

"Originally it was for ivory, now it is everything. You can now go on almost any fossil marketing website and find mammoth hair for $50 an inch. It has grown beyond anyone's imagination."

Dr Agenbroad added: "Russia says that any mammoth remains are the property of the Russian government, but nobody really pays attention to that."

The Yamal mammoth is expected to be transferred to Jikei University in Tokyo, Japan, later this year.

A team led by Professor Naoki Suzuki will carry out an extensive study of the carcass, including CT scans of its internal organs.

Mammoths first appeared in the Pliocene Epoch, 4.8 million years ago.

What caused their widespread disappearance at the end of the last Ice Age remains unclear; but climate change, overkill by human hunters, or a combination of both could have been to blame.

One population of mammoths lived on in isolation on Russia's remote Wrangel Island until about 5,000 years ago.

[another specialist]

image to go with above plus source

news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/6284214.stm

[thomassn]

Media Clip: www.aftonbladet.se/atv2/popup.html?id=categories/Nyheter/0707/4235 (In Swedish)

[another specialist]

carlos said:

The North of Eastern Siberia: Refuge of Mammoth Fauna in the Holocene

The North of Eastern Siberia: Refuge of Mammoth Fauna in the Holocene

Gennady G. Boeskorov,
Mammoth Museum, Lenina prospekt 39, 677891 Yakutsk, Russia
Received 15 October 2002; accepted 7 October 2003. Available online 17 November 2005.

Abstract

The global climate changings at the end of Pleistocene led to extinction of the typical representatives of Mammoth fauna–mammoth, woolly rhinoceros, wild horse, bison, muskox, cave lion, etc.–on the huge territories of Northern Eurasia. Undoubtedly the Mammoth fauna underwent pressure from the Upper Paleolithic Man, whose hunting activity also could play the role in decreasing the number of mammoths and other representatives of megafauna (large mammals). Archaeological data testify that the typical representatives of Mammoth fauna were the Man's hunting objects only till the end of the Pleistocene. Their bone remains are not usually found on the settlements of Mesolithic Man. Formerly it was supposed that the megafauna of ‘Mammoth complex’ was extinct by the beginning of Holocene. Nevertheless the latest data testify that the global extinction of the Mammoth fauna was sufficiently delayed in the north of Eastern Siberia. In the 1990s some radiocarbon data testified that the mammoths on the Wrangel Island existed for a long time during the Holocene from 8000 till 3700 y. BP. The present radiocarbon data show that wild horses inhabited the north of Eastern Siberia (the lower stream of the Enissey river, the Novosibirskie Islands, the East Siberian sea-shore) 3000–2000 y. BP. Musk-oxen lived on the Taimyr Peninsula and the Lena River delta about 3000 y. BP. Some bison remains from Eastern Siberia belong to the Holocene. The following circumstances could promote the process of preservation of the Mammoth fauna representatives. The cool and dry climate of this region promotes the maintenance of steppe associations – habitats of those mammals. The Late Paleolithic and Mesolithic settlements are not found in the Arctic zone of Eastern Siberia from the Taimyr Peninsula to a lower stream of the Yana River; they are very rare in the basins of the Indigirka and Kolyma Rivers. So, the small number of the Stone Age hunting tribes on the North of Eastern Siberia was another factor in the long-term preservation of some Mammoth fauna representatives.

Key words: Eastern Siberia; Yakutia; Mammoth fauna; Late Pleistocene; Holocene


Gondwana Research
Volume 7, Issue 2, April 2004, Pages 451-455

www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B7XNB-4HKDFC3-F&_user=10&_coverDate=04%2F30%2F2004&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=b25b7286a563e84bf35bed4d58da7e4e

[another specialist]

Map of the last known areas inhabited by mammoths on the mainland and Wrangel Island, where they survived until 3 200 years ago.

On the boundary of the Pleistocene and Holocene (less than 10 000 years ago) the sea flooded most of the Arctic shelf. The range of mammoths was reduced and were represented in few areas except for small isolated sites in the northeast of Siberia. During the next 4 000 years on Wrangel island, which was separated from the continent 9 000 years ago, a small stable population existed. These Mammoths lived in extremely adverse conditions; animals became small in stature due to lack of food during early development. Among the bones and teeth of the mammoths found on the island, the percentage of remains demonstrating the development of various illnesses is rather high.

At the same time, use by adult animals of a wider set of fodder plants and the absence of predators led to the majority living to a ripe old age.

The reason for the final disappearance of mammoths on the island is not clear; probably it did not occur without the help of those humans who appeared on the island about 3 200 years ago.

Photo: Vladimir Gorodnjanski, 2007, from an exhibit at the ZIN, St Petersburg.

donsmaps.com/bcmammoth.html

[another specialist]

anotherspecialist said:

image to go with above plus source

news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/6284214.stm

Photo: www.modbee.com/ From: NTV, Russian Television Channel -- AP Photo

The frozen carcass of a 10 000-year-old baby mammoth has been unearthed in a remote northern Siberian region, a discovery scientists said Wednesday could help in climate change studies.

The 1.2-metre grey-and-brown carcass, discovered in May by a reindeer herder near the Yuribei River in the Yamal-Nenets region, has its trunk and eyes virtually intact and even some fur remaining, said Alexei Tikhonov, deputy director of the Russian Academy of Sciences' Zoological Institute.

The animal's tail and ear appeared to have been bitten off, he said.

"The mammoth is an animal that you look at and you see that there is an entire epoch behind it, a huge time period when climate was changing," he said in comments broadcast Friday.

"And of course when we talk about climate change, we must use the knowledge that we will get from them (mammoths)."

Scientists believe mammoths lived from 4.8 million years ago to around 4 000 years ago. Studies suggest climate change or overkill by human hunters as possible reasons leading to their extinction.

Tikhonov said the mammoth would be sent to an institute in Japan for further study.

Global warming has made it easier for woolly mammoth hunters to hack the animal out of Russia's thawing permafrost. An entire mammoth industry has sprung up around the far eastern frontier town of Yakutsk.

Many examples are simply sold on the black market - and can be seen in Russian souvenir shops, next to unhappy-looking stuffed brown bears.

donsmaps.com/bcmammoth.html

[another specialist]

anotherspecialist said:

image to go with above plus source

news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/6284214.stm

Lyuba, the baby mammmoth

Text below from: www.themoscowtimes.com/stories/2007/07/12/003.html

Photo below from: news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6284214.stm



Lyuba was only about four months old when she died on a full stomach. Ten thousand odd years later she is set to become world famous.

Scientists have hailed the discovery of the baby woolly mammoth, dubbed Lyuba, as one of the finest examples of preserved mammoths ever discovered after it emerged from the melting permafrost in western Siberia.

"There has never been such a find," Pavel Kosintsev, one of the first scientists to see the mammoth, said in a telephone interview from Yekaterinburg.

"The mammoth is an animal that you look at and you see that there is an entire epoch behind it, a huge time period when climate was changing," said Alexei Tikhonov, deputy director of the Russian Academy of Sciences' Zoological Institute in televised comments last week.

With her trunk still intact, eyes in place and small tufts of fur still on her skin, Lyuba looks more like a museum fake than a link to life in the Ice Age, though her tail seems to have been nipped off.

One hundred and thirty centimeters long, 90 centimeters high and weighing only 50 kilograms, the mammoth is almost exactly as it was when it died nearly 10,000 years ago, said Kosintsev, deputy head of the Zoological Museum in the Institute of Ecological Plants and Animals.





Photo: in.today.reuters.com

"The animal died and immediately was buried in a watery area or a bog. There was no decay. She was located there in a frozen state for several thousand years," said Kosintsev. Lyuba likely reappeared to the world after the river's bank slipped at the end of last year, he said.

Lyuba was found almost two months ago on May 15 by Yury Khudi, a nomadic reindeer tribesman near the Yuribei River in the Yamal-Nenets autonomous region. Khudi, a Nenets, thought it was a sick reindeer at first and went to investigate, said Kosintsev. When he saw that it was a mammoth, he went to the nearest village to tell of his find.

She was named Lyuba by scientists in honor of Khudi's wife, though how he feels about that is not yet known as he is back in the tundra with his reindeer.

"We could not contact him, but if he says it is not the right name we will change it," said Kosintsev. Mammoth finds are usually named after the person who finds them.

To keep her from deteriorating, Lyuba is being stored at minus 10 degrees Celsius in an industrial freezer in the Yamal-Nenets republic's regional museum in Salekhard, the regional capital.

Mammoths, believed to be close relatives of the modern day elephant, roamed the earth from almost 5 million years B.C. to just a few thousand years B.C. when they disappeared.

Although mammoths once inhabited almost the entire world, Russia has always had a strong association with the beast. Mammoths are considered special animals by northern tribes, said Natalia Fyodorova, the deputy director of the museum, in a telephone interview from Salekhard.

"All the native tribes have tales about this mythical animal," she said. When finding mammoth parts, native tribes such as the Nenets often take them to their holy places to talk with their souls. Now, she said with a touch of pride, "they tell the museum."

It is not only the native tribes who have their explanations for the mysterious animal. One mythic explanation for the existence of the woolly mammoth in the far reaches of Russia is that they were the last of Carthaginian General Hannibal's war elephants after they crossed over the Alps into Italy in the second century B.C.

An international conference gathered last month in Salekhard, including experts from the United States and France, to decide what to do with the mammoth.

Lyuba will go to Japan soon for a CT scan at Jikei University to be examined by a team led by professor Naoki Suzuki. "It will give a unique chance to compare the herbivores of then with today's," said Suzuki, Itar-Tass reported. After going to Japan, Lyuba will return to Russia.

"I think she will not only be shown in Salekhard but all over the world," said Fyodorova.

donsmaps.com/bcmammoth.html

[Peter]

Are these all the mammoth species?

Flat-browed Mammoth (Mammuthus planifrons)
Southern Mammoth (Mammuthus meridionalis)
Woolly Mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius)
Steppe mammoth (Mammuthus trogontherii)
Columbian mammoth (Mammuthus columbi)
Jefferson's mammoth (Mammuthus jeffersonii)
Pygmy mammoth (Mammuthus exilis) [Channel Islands, California]
Sardinian Dwarf Mammoth (Mammuthus lamarmorae)

[Bucardo]

Add Mammuthus africanavus, the first of its genus.

[RSN]

Genus:

Mammuthus (BURNETT, 1830) = "Earth mole"


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Know species:

Mammuthus primigenius (Blumenbach, 1799)

Mammuthus meridionalis (Nesti, 1825)

Mammuthus imperator (Leidy, 1858)

Mammuthus planifrons (Pomel, 1879) - Renamed as Elephas planifrons

Mammuthus lamarmorae (Major, 1883)

Mammuthus trogontherii (Pohlig, 1888)

Mammuthus jeffersoni (Pomel, 1895) - Before classified as subspecies of M. imperator

Mammuthus creticus (Bate, 1907) - Renamed as Elephas creticus

Mammuthus columbi (Merriam, 1910)

Mammuthus armeniacus (Falconer,1910) - Synonym of M. trogontherii

Mammuthus jacksoni (Falconer,1910 ) - Synonym of M. imperator

Mammuthus roosevelti (Falconer,1910 ) - Synonym M. imperator

Mammuthus floridanus (Falconer,1910 ) - Synonym of M. imperator

Mammuthus intermedius (Osborn, 1918) - Synonym of M. primigenius

Mammuthus subplanifrons (Osborn, 1928) - Synonym of Elephas planifrons

Mammuthus haroldcooki (Osborn, 1928 )- Synonym of M. columbi

Mammuthus hayi (Osborn, 1928 ) - Synonym of M. columbi

Mammuthus gromovi (Osborn, 1928 ) - Synonym of M. columbi

Mammuthus africanavus (Arambourg, 1952) - Synonym M. meridionalis

Mammuthus fraasi (Fraasi, 1961) - Synonym of M. primigenius

Mammuthus exilis (Maglio, 1970) - Before classified as M. columbi

Source:
www.territoriodosdinossauros.hpg.ig.com.br

[Peter]

Ancient DNA forces reconsideration of evolutionary history of Mediterranean pygmy elephantids

Nikos Poulakakis A1 A2, Aris Parmakelis A1 A2, Petros Lymberakis A1, Moysis Mylonas A1 A2, Eleftherios Zouros A2, David S. Reese A3, Scott Glaberman A4, Adalgisa Caccone A4

Abstract:
During the Pleistocene pygmy elephantids, some only a quarter of their ancestors' size, were present on Mediterranean islands until about 10000 years ago (y.a.). Using a new methodology for ancient DNA (aDNA) studies, the whole genomic multiple displacement amplification method, we were able to retrieve cytochrome b (cytb) DNA fragments from 4200 to 800000 y.a. specimens from island and mainland samples, including pygmy and normal-sized forms. The short DNA sequence (43bp) retrieved from the 800000 y.a. sample is one of the oldest DNA fragment ever retrieved. Duplication of the experiments in two laboratories, the occurrence of three diagnostic sites and the results of the phylogenetic analyses strongly support its authenticity. Our results challenge the prevailing view that pygmy elephantids of the eastern Mediterranean originated exclusively from Elephas, suggesting independent histories of dwarfism and the presence of both pygmy mammoths and elephant-like taxa on these islands. Based on our molecular data, the origin of the Tilos and Cyprus elephantids from a lineage within the genus Elephas is confirmed, while the DNA sequence from the Cretan sample falls clearly within the mammoth clade. Thus, the name Mammuthus creticus rather than Elephas creticus, seems to be justified for this form. Our findings also suggest a need to re-evaluate the evolutionary history of the Sicilian/Maltese species, traditionally included in the genus Elephas.

Nikos Poulakakis, Ariks Parmakelis, Petros Lymberakis, Moysis Mylonas, Eleftherios Zouros, David S. Reese, Scott Glaberman en Adalgisa Caccone: "Ancient DNA forces reconsideration of evolutionary history of Mediterranean pygmy elephantids", Biology Letters, 19 april 2006.

[another specialist]

www.scribd.com/doc/2621714/Mysterious-CreaturesA-Guide-To-Cryptozoology

[another specialist]

From an email I received so don't original source.

[Peter]

The right-hand map can also be seen in the following pdf:
rw.mammoth.psu.edu/pubs/pnas.pdf or www.pnas.org/content/early/2008/06/06/0802315105.full.pdf+html. (Gilbert et al. 2008. Intraspecific phylogenetic analysis of Siberian woolly mammoths using complete mitochondrial genomes. PNAS 105:8327-8332.)

Fig. 1. Sites of recovery of the mammoth hair specimens whose complete mitochondrial genome sequences have been reported. Clade I mammoths are indicated as blue diamonds. Clade II mammoths are indicated by red circles. The exact locations of M1, M4, and M5 are not known but most probably originate from Northern Yakutia (c. 66–76°N, 106–160°). ‘‘K,’’ ‘‘R,’’ and ‘‘P’’ indicate the Krause (4), Rogaev (5), and Poinar (6, 7) mammoth mtDNA genomes, respectively. This figure is modified from ref. 3.

Note: ref. 3 is: Gilbert MTP, et al. (2007) Whole-Genome shotgun sequencing of mitochondria from ancient hair shafts. Science 317:1927–1930.

[another specialist]

Thanks Peter for the original source

[another specialist]

Holocene dwarf mammoths from Wrangel Island in the Siberian Arctic

S. L. Vartanyan*, V. E. Garutt† & A. V. Sher‡parallel

*Wrangel Island State Reserve, 686870 Ushakovskoye, Magadan Region, Russia
†Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Universitetskaya naberezhnaya, 199034 St Petersburg, Russia
‡Severtsov Institute of Evolutionary Animal Morphology and Ecology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 33 Leninskiy Prospect, 117071 Moscow, Russia
parallelTo whom correspondence should be addressed.

THE cause of extinction of the woolly mammoth, Mammuthus primigenius (Blumenbach), is still debated. A major environmental change at the Pleistocene–Holocene boundary, hunting by early man, or both together are among the main explanations that have been suggested. But hardly anyone has doubted that mammoths had become extinct everywhere by around 9,500 years before present (BP). We report here new discoveries on Wrangel Island in the Arctic Ocean that force this view to be revised. Along with normal-sized mammoth fossils dating to the end of the Pleistocene, numerous teeth of dwarf mammoth dated 7,000–4,000 yr BP have been found there. The island is thought to have become separated from the mainland by 12,000 yr BP. Survival of a mammoth population may be explained by local topography and climatic features, which permitted relictual preservation of communities of steppe plants. We interpret the dwarfing of the Wrangel mammoths as a result of the insularity effect, combined with a response to the general trend towards unfavourable environment in the Holocene.

------------------

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www.nature.com/nature/journal/v362/n6418/abs/362337a0.html