Palaeoloxodon antiquus (Straight-tusked elephant)

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Santonja, M., Pérez-González, A., Vega, G. and Rus, I. (2001). Elephants and stone artifacts in the Middle Pleistocene terraces of the Manzanares river (Madrid, Spain), pp. 597-601. In: Cavarretta, C., Gioia, P., Mussi, M. and Palombo, M. R. (eds.). The World of Elephants – International Congress, Rome. Proceedings of the 1st international congress – Consiglio nazionale delle ricerche, Rome. [automatic download]

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Santonja, M., Pérez-González, A., Villa, P., Soto, E. and Sesé, C. (2001). Elephants in the archaeological sites of Aridos (Jarama valley, Madrid, Spain), pp. 602-606. In: Cavarretta, C., Gioia, P., Mussi, M. and Palombo, M. R. (eds.). The World of Elephants – International Congress, Rome. Proceedings of the 1st international congress – Consiglio nazionale delle ricerche, Rome. [automatic download]

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Soto, E., Sesé, C., Pérez-González, A. and Santonja, M. (2001). Mammal fauna with Elephas (Palaeoloxodon) antiquus from the lower levels of Ambrona (Soria, Spain), pp. 607-610. In: Cavarretta, C., Gioia, P., Mussi, M. and Palombo, M. R. (eds.). The World of Elephants – International Congress, Rome. Proceedings of the 1st international congress – Consiglio nazionale delle ricerche, Rome. [automatic download]

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Reggiani, P. (2001). Morphological differences in Mammuthus meridionalis and Palaeoloxodon antiquus carpal bones, pp. 661-664. In: Cavarretta, C., Gioia, P., Mussi, M. and Palombo, M. R. (eds.). The World of Elephants – International Congress, Rome. Proceedings of the 1st international congress – Consiglio nazionale delle ricerche, Rome. [automatic download]

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Shoshani, J., Goren-Inbar, N. and Rabinovich, R. (2001). A stylohyoideum of Palaeoloxodon antiquus from Gesher Benot Ya’aqov, Israel: morphology and functional inferences, pp. 665-667. In: Cavarretta, C., Gioia, P., Mussi, M. and Palombo, M. R. (eds.). The World of Elephants – International Congress, Rome. Proceedings of the 1st international congress – Consiglio nazionale delle ricerche, Rome. [automatic download]

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Stuart, A. J. and Lister, A. M. (2001). The Late Quaternary extinction of woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius), straight-tusked elephant (Palaeoloxodon antiquus) and other megafauna in Europe, pp. 722-723. In: Cavarretta, C., Gioia, P., Mussi, M. and Palombo, M. R. (eds.). The World of Elephants – International Congress, Rome. Proceedings of the 1st international congress – Consiglio nazionale delle ricerche, Rome. [automatic download]

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Farina, Simone. (2016). Catalogue of the late Pleistocene-Holocene fossil mammalian collection from “Canale delle Acque Alte (Canale Mussolini)” (Natural History Museum, University of Pisa). Atti Soc. Tosc. Sci. Nat., Mem., Serie A, 123: 47-53, 3 figs.

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Konidaris, George E. et al. (In Press, 2017). The skeleton of a straight-tusked elephant (Palaeoloxodon antiquus) and other large mammals from the Middle Pleistocene butchering locality Marathousa 1 (Megalopolis Basin, Greece): preliminary results. Quaternary International. doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2017.12.001

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Palkopoulou, Eleftheria, Lipson, Mark et al. (2018). A comprehensive genomic history of extinct and living elephants. PNAS. doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1720554115 [Abstract]

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Field, M. H. et al. (In Press, 2018). A palaeoenvironmental reconstruction (based on palaeobotanical data and diatoms) of the Middle Pleistocene elephant (Palaeoloxodon antiquus) butchery site at Marathousa, Megalopolis, Greece. Quaternary International. doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2018.06.014 [Abstract]

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Athanassiou, Athanassios. (In Press, 2018). Pleistocene vertebrates from the Kyparíssia lignite mine, Megalopolis Basin, S. Greece: Rodentia, Carnivora, Proboscidea, Perissodactyla, Ruminantia. Quaternary International. doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2018.06.042 [Abstract]

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Baleka et al., Estimating the dwarfing rate of an extinct Sicilian elephant, Current Biology (2021), doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2021.05.037

Evolution on islands, together with the often extreme phenotypic changes associated with it, has attractedmuch interest from evolutionary biologists. However, measuring the rate of change of phenotypic traits ofextinct animals can be challenging, in part due to the incompleteness of the fossil record. Here, we use com-bined molecular and fossil evidence to define the minimum and maximum rate of dwarfing in an extinct Med-iterranean dwarf elephant from Puntali Cave (Sicily).1Despite the challenges associated with recoveringancient DNA from warm climates,2we successfully retrieved a mitogenome from a sample with an estimatedage between 175,500 and 50,000 years. Our results suggest that this specific Sicilian elephant lineageevolved from one of the largest terrestrial mammals that ever lived3to an island species weighing lessthan 20% of its original mass with an estimated mass reduction between 0.74 and 200.95 kg and heightreduction between 0.15 and 41.49 mm per generation. We show that combining ancient DNA with paleonto-logical and geochronological evidence can constrain the timing of phenotypic changes with greater accuracythan could be achieved using any source of evidence in isolation

www.cell.com/current-biology/pdfExtended/S0960-9822(21)00735-1